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利用植物表型組學挖掘基因組學的成果

瀏覽次數:5445 發布日期:2019-8-2  來源:本站 僅供參考,謝絕轉載,否則責任自負

​到2050年,全球人口將達到97億,預計作物產量翻一番才能滿足全球人口的糧食需求。為了達到這一目標,作物產量需每年增長2.4%,但目前作物產量平均增長率僅為1.3%。作物生產性能的遺傳改良仍然是提高作物生產力的關鍵因素,但當前的改善速度無法滿足可持續性和糧食安全的需要。為了確保糧食安全、生態系統的可持續發展,必須培育高產、適應新氣候和多變氣候的作物。

基因組學和表型組學的進展正在提供對復雜的生物學機制的洞察,這些機制是植物對環境變化作出反應的基礎。然而,將基因型與表型聯系起來培育氣候適應性作物品種仍然是一個巨大的挑戰,阻礙了高通量基因組學和表型組學在育種中的最佳應用。

本文綜述了植物表型系統化、快速化、微創化和低成本化的必要性,討論了其向現代高通量表型的演變、適應高通量表型的性狀、高通量表型與基因組學的整合以及高通量表型在提高育種效率和加快作物品種培育中的意義。

根系表型(a,g為微根管法原位測量

鷹嘴豆耐熱表型分析研究中的葉片葉綠素熒光成像

葉片上半部分沒有經過熱處理,下半部分在46°C下熱處理1小時。深藍色為高光合活性(高fv/fm),而橙色、黃色和綠色或完全黑色代表低光合活性。


紅外熱成像表征冠層溫度


不同品種蘋果花粉的活性(微流控阻抗流式細胞法)

表1常用的作物高通量植物表型平臺(HTPPS)

Name

Target Plant Organ

Parameters

Description

PHENOPSIS

Leaf

Plant growth parameters

An automated platform for  reproducible phenotyping of plant responses to soil water deficit in Arabidopsis  thaliana

WIWAM

Leaf

Growth parameters

Used to impose stress early  during leaf development

PHENOSCOPE

Shoots

Vegetative growth and  homogeneity

An integrated device, allowing a  simultaneous culture of individual Arabidopsis plants and  high-throughput acquisition, storage, and analysis of quality phenotypes

GROWSCREEN

Leaf

3D surface area of leaf discs

Platform to study plant leaf  growth fluorescence and root architecture from seedling under control  conditions in Arabidopsis thaliana, barley and maize

TraitMill

Flowers, grains, etc.

Growth and yield parameters

Automated high resolution  phenotypic platform, uniquely placed to identify genes that improve the yield  of cereals

PlantScan

Whole plant

Vegetative growth parameters

Automated high-resolution  phenomic center providing non-invasive analysis of plant structure,  morphology and function in Gossypium, wheat and maize

LemnaTec

Leaf

Growth and yield parameters

Visualize and analyze 2D/3D  non-destructive high-throughput imaging, monitor plant growth and behavior  under fully controlled conditions

LeasyScan

Leaf, whole plant

Canopy traits

Phenotyping for traits  controlling plant water use with precision in pearl millet

HRPF

Whole plant

Growth and yield parameters

High-throughput rice phenotyping  facility

GlyPh (self-construction)

Whole plant

Soil water content and growth  estimation

Low-cost platform for  phenotyping plant growth and water use under a broad range of conditions

BreedVision

Whole plant

Growth and physiological parameters

Measures various agronomic  traits and leads to non-destructive phenotyping for crop improvement and  plant genetic studies

PlantScreenTM

Shoot

Chlorophyll fluorescence imaging  and non-imaging chlorophyll fluorescence, growth parameters

Evaluates various parameters of  chlorophyll fluorescence obtained from kinetic chlorophyll fluorescence  imaging

OloPhen

Whole plant

Rosette area, growth and  survival rate

Suitable for analysis of rosette  growth in multi-well plates, suitable to evaluate plant stress tolerance.

Color eye
 (RBG scanner)

Leaf

Leaf greenness, lesions

Data can be overlayed over laser  triangulation data obtained by plant eye

LabVIEW

Canopy

Growth parameters

Low-cost, accurate, and  high-throughput phenotyping system with custom algorithms

Shovelomics

Root

Root growth parameters

Identification and selection of  useful root architectural phenotypes for annual legume or dicotyledonous  crops.

Phenodyn/Phenoarch

Leaf

Leaf elongation rate

Follows QTL-dependent daily  patterns in maize lines under naturally fluctuating conditions, located in INRA,  France

LemnaGrid

Root and leaf

Plant and root growth parameters

Compares growth behaviors of  different genotypes, discriminates plant root zone water status

Integrated Analysis Platform  (IAP)

Leaf

Plant leaf orientation

Provides user-friendly  interfaces with highly adaptable core functions, supports image data transfer  from different acquisition environments and large-scale image analysis

LAMINA

Leaf

Leaf parameters

Tool for automated analysis of  images of leaves, designed to provide classical indicators of leaf structure

Rosette Tracker

Shoot

Area, perimeter diameter  stockiness

Allows to simultaneously  quantify plant growth, photosynthesis, and leaf temperature-related  parameters

Leaf Analyser

Leaf

Leaf architecture

Provides a high-throughput  method to evaluate leaf shape variation in higher-dimensional phenotypic  space

Self-construction

Root

Root growth parameters

Algorithms allow the automatic  extraction of many root traits in a high-throughput fashion

Phenovator

Leaf

Photosynthesis

High-throughput phenotyping  facility for photosynthesis developed at Wageningen University and Research

表2常用的高通量植物表型分析軟件包(節選)

Name of the Software

Target Plant Organ

Parameters

Description

MATLAB

Leaf

Leaf architecture

Uses image processing algorithms  for high-throughput analysis of images for estimating phenotypes/traits  associated with tested plants

HTPheno

Shoot

Height, width and shoot area

Analyzes colour images of plants  and different phenotypical parameters for each plant

GiaRoots

Root

Morpho-geometric parameters

Semi-automated software tool for  high-throughput analysis of root system images

RootReader 3D

Roots

Root types and phenotypic root  traits

Imaging and software platform  for HTP of 3-D root traits during seedling development

PhenoPhyte

Leaf

Leaf and plant growth parameters

Tool to analyze the  non-destructive imaging of plants can be used in suboptimal imaging  conditions also

RootNav

Root

Root system architecture

Image analysis tool for  semi-automated quantification of complex root system architecture in a range  of plant species

SmartGrain

Seed

Seed structure parameters

Software for high-throughput  measurement of seed shape, makes possible to distinguish between lines with  small differences in seed shape

SmartRoot

Root

Root system architecture

Operating system-independent  freeware and relies on cross-platform standards for communication with  data-analysis software

DART

Root

Root system architecture

Uses human vision tracing to  avoid analytical biases

Tomato analyzer

Fruit

Fruit colour

Analyzes tomato fruit colour


圖5 高通量植物表型平臺(LemnaTec 3D Scanalyzer)

 

全文閱讀
Pratap A, Gupta S, Nair R M, et al. Using plant phenomics to exploit the gains of genomics. Agronomy, 2019, 9(3): 126.

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