多光譜光誘導瞬變快速重復熒光儀 LIFT-FRR 是由著名科學家和發明人Zbigniew S. Kolber博士設計的第三代海洋浮游植物光合作用測量系統。

LIFT-FRR用一系列閃光來激發光合并測量葉綠素熒光信號的變化，通過熒光信號的變化來反演光合特性，例如光系統II的有效吸收截面積、光合效率、光合電子傳遞動力學、非光化學淬滅、受體側類胡蘿卜素淬滅、供體側P680淬滅、PQ庫的大小、瞬時光曲線（Instantaneous light curve, ILC）等。

LIFT-FRR配備445nm、470nm、505nm、540nm和590nm五種激發波長，以及快速重復測量（FRR）模式和連續激發光（CI）模式。在CI模式下還可以使用730nm的遠紅光。

LIFT-FRR配備軟件控制的電動濾光片輪，可以在6個熒光發射通道間切換（默認配置685nm的熒光，另外5個波段可以根據客戶需求選配）。

LIFT-FRR配備連續流動樣品池，和兩通道步進電機驅動的蠕動泵，可以由軟件控制泵的速率、方向和時間。

LIFT-FRR的葉綠素濃度檢測限為0.1 ug/L。

LIFT-FRR除了可以用比色皿單次測量和連續流動測量外，還可以連接光纖進行外置測量。
 

海洋屆最主流的三代浮游植物熒光儀歷史進程

1. 1986年Kolber博士和Falkowski教授在Brookhaven國家實驗室發明了“泵和探針法”熒光儀，最早實現了光系統功能截面積的測量，但所需測量時間比較長（10-20min）；
2. 1992年Kolber博士和Falkowski教授發明了快速重復熒光技術(Fast Repetition Rate, FRR)熒光儀，利用一系列微秒級矩形脈沖電流來產生矩形激發光信號，能夠在1秒內測量光合效率、光系統功能截面積和光合電子傳遞動力學，而且比“泵和探針法”的靈敏度提高了100倍。后來Kolber博士在MBARI和加州大學圣克魯斯分校工作期間，為FRR熒光儀增加了測量非光化學淬滅、類胡蘿卜素淬滅、供體側淬滅、PO庫還原態和瞬時光響應曲線的功能。
3. 2012年，Kolber博士開始將他之前發明的光誘導熒光瞬變技術(Light-Induced FluorescenceTransient, LIFT）導入FRR熒光儀，由此誕生了LIFT-FRR熒光儀。LIFT-FRR允許連續調制驅動電流，使得激發光信號的分辨率達到100ns（時間分辨率提高了10倍！），這極大提高了儀器的測量性能。

涉及這三代熒光儀的核心文獻：
1. Kolber, Z. S., J. Zehr, and P. G. Falkowski.1988. Effects of growth irradiance and nitrogen limitation on photosyntheticenergy conversion in Photosystem II. Plant Physiol. 88, 923 929.
2. Kolber, Z. S, K. D. Wyman, and P. G. Falkowski.1990. Natural variability in photosynthetic energy conversion efficiency: afield study in the Gulf of Maine. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35,72 79.
3. Falkowski,P.G., D. Ziemman, Z. S. Kolber, and P. K. Bienfang.1991. Nutrient pumping and phytoplankton response in a subtropical mesoscaleEddy. Nature 352, 55 58.
4. Kolber, Z. S. and P. G. Falkowski.1993. Use of active fluorescence to estimate phytoplankton photosynthesis in situ.Limnol. Oceanogr. 38, 1646 1665.
5. Kolber Z.S., R. T. Barber, K. H. Coale,S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Greene, K. S. Johnson, S. Lindley, and P. G. Falkowski.1994 Iron limitation of phytoplankton photosynthesis in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean.Nature 371, 145 149.
6. Kolber, Z. S., O. Prasil,and P. G. Falkowski.1998. Measurements of variable chlorophyll fluorescence using fast repetition rate techniques. I. Defining methodology and experimental protocols. Biochem. Biophys.Acta 1367, 88-106
7. Behrenfeld,M. J., and Z. S. Kolber. 1999. Wide spread iron limitation of phytoplankton in the South Pacific Ocean.Science, 283, 840-843
8. Kolber, Z. S, C. L. Van Dover, R. A. Niederman,& P. G. Falkowski. Bacterial photosynthesis in surface waters of the open ocean. 2000. Nature 407, 177-179.
9. Kolber, Z. S., F. G. Plumley, A. S. Lang, J. T. Beatty, R. E. Blankenship, C. L. VanDover,C. Vetriani,M. Koblizek,C. Rathgeber, and P. G. Falkowski. 2001. Contribution of Aerobic Photoheterotrophic Bacteria to the Carbon Cyclein the Ocean.Science 292, 2494-2495
10. Kolber Z. S. Energy Cycle in the Ocean: Powering the Microbial World (2007) Oceanography 20, 82-91, 2007

LIFT-FRR技術代表用戶

• 埃克森美孚研究中心（美國）
• 美國沙漠研究所
• 澳大利亞國立大學地球科學研究院
• 俄勒岡州立大學植物學與植物病理系
• 澳大利亞麥考瑞大學化學與分子生物學系
• 悉尼理工大學
• 加拿大不列顛哥倫比亞大學地球與海洋科學系
• 加拿大蒙特埃里森大學等等

 

LIFT-FRR技術代表文獻

• Brown M, Penta W B, Jones B, Behrenfeld M.The ratio of single-turnover to multiple-turnover fluorescence variespredictably with growth rate and cellular chlorophyll in the green alga Dunaliella tertiolecta.Photosynthesis Research, 2019, 140(1): 65-76.
• Lewis K M, Arntsen A E,Coupel P,Joy-Warren H, Lowry K E, Matsuoka A, Mills M M, van Dijken G L, Selz V, Arrigo K R. Photoacclimation of Arctic Ocean phytoplankton to shifting light and nutrient limitation. Limnology and Oceanography, 2019, 64(1): 284-301.
• Read R W, Vuono D C,Neveux I, Staub C, Grzymski J J. Coordinated down regulation of the photosynthetic apparatus as a protective mechanism against UV exposure in the diatom Corethronhystrix. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2019, 103: 1837-1850..
• Schuback N, Tortell P D.Diurnal regulation of photosynthetic light absorption, electron transport and carbon fixation in two contrasting oceanic environments. Biogeosciences, 2019, 16: 1381-1399.
• Hoppe C J M, Schuback N, Semeniuk D,Giesbrecht K, Mol J, Thomas H, Maldonado M T, Rost B, Varela D E, Tortell P D.Resistance of Arctic phytoplankton to ocean acidification and enhanced irradiance.Polar Biology, 2018, 41(3): 399-413.
• Mills M M, Brown Z W, Laney S R, Ortega-Retuerta E, Lowry K E, van Dijken G L, Arrigo K R. Nitrogen Limitation of the Summer Phytoplankton and Heterotrophic Prokaryote Communities in the Chukchi Sea. Fronties in Marine Science, 2018, 5:362. doi:10.3389/fmars.2018.00362
• Samanta M, Ellwood M J, Strzepek R F. Zinc isotope fractionation by Emiliania huxleyi cultured across a range of free zinc ion concentrations. Limnology and Oceanography, 2018, 63(2): 660-671.
• Selz V, Laney S, Arnsten A E, Lewis K M, Lowry K E, Joy-Warren H L, Mills M M, van Dijken G L, Arrigo K R. Ice algal communities in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas in spring and early summer: Composition, distribution, and coupling with phytoplankton assemblages. Limnologyand Oceanography, 2018, 63(3): 1109-1133.
• Selz V, Lowry K E, Lewis K M, Joy-Warren H L, van de Poll W, Nirmel S,Tong A, Arrigo K R. Distribution of Phaeocystis antarctica-dominated sea ice algal communities and their potential to seed phytoplankton across the western Antarctic Peninsula in spring. Marine Ecology Progress Series,2018, 586: 91-112.
• HoppeC J M, Schuback N, Semeniuk D M,Maldonado M T, Rost B. Functional Redundancy Facilitates Resilience of Subarctic Phytoplankton Assemblages toward Ocean Acidification and High Irradiance.Frontiersin Marine Science, 2017, 4:229. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00229
• Hussherr R, Levasseur M, Lizotte M, Tremblay J-E, Mol J, Thomas H, Gosselin M, Starr M,Miller L A, Jarnikova T, Schuback N, Mucci A. Impact of ocean acidification on Arctic phytoplankton blooms and dimethylsulfide concentration under simulated ice-free and under-ice conditions. Biogeosciences, 2017, 14: 2407-2427.
• Levin R A, Suggett D J, Nitschke M R, van Oppen M JH, Steinberg P D. Expanding the Symbiodinium(Dinophyceae, Suessiales) Toolkit Through Protoplast Technology. Journalof Eukaryotic Microbiology, 2017, 64(5): 588-597.
• Schuback N, Hoppe C J M, Tremblay J-E, Maldonado M T, Tortell P D. Primary productivity and the coupling of photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation in the Arctic Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, 2017, 62(3): 898-921.
• Shilova I N, Mills M M, Robidart J C,Turk-Kubo K A, Bjorkman K M, Kolber Z, Rapp I, van Dijken G L, Church M J, Arrigo K R, Achterberg E P, Zehr J P. Differential effects of nitrate, ammonium, and urea as N sources for microbial communities in the North Pacific Ocean. Limnology and Oceanography, 2017, 62(6): 2550-2574.
• SzaboM, Larkum A WD, Suggett D J, Vass I, Sass L, Osmond B, Zavafer A,Ralph P J, Chow W S. Non-intrusive Assessment of Photosystem II and PhotosystemI in Whole Coral Tissues. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2017, 4: 269. doi:10.3389/fmars.2017.00269
• Schuback N, Flecken M, Maldonado M T, Tortell P D. Diurnal variation in the coupling of photosynthetic electron transport and carbon fixation in iron-limited phytoplankton in the NE subarctic Pacific. Biogeosciences, 2016, 13: 1019-1035.

 

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